One Sample Hypothesis Test Essay

Earning potential and income of every person is severely different; many factors have a hand in determining the amount of money a person makes and how much his or her earning potential can increase. Some of the factors currently determining the earning potential of people around the United States are; education, marital status, age, union participation, race, age, years of experience, sex, the industry in which the individual works, and the position held by individual. This paper is going to show the correlation between marital status and income, the team has disregarded all other determinants to answer the research question clearly. The research question that the team has developed and the hypothesis was formed from goes as follows; does marital status affect earning potential? Every decade that passes, it seems as though people are waiting longer to get married. Waiting for job security, completion of college and social norms are just a few factors that influence this trend. This is a big change from 50 years ago, when most people would get married straight out of high school. The fact is being single has some advantages when deciding to start a career, it also affects ones earning potential. Being single allows more dedication to the job as well as the mobility to go wherever the job may take an individual. While being single may be good for starting a career, being married will actually increase a person’s earning potential in the long run. The mean salary for the single person is $24,864 per year. The mean income for married individuals is $33,303. This leads us to our null hypothesis (H0) that being married will not improve the earning potential of an individual. Our alternate hypothesis (H1) is that being married will help improve the earning potential of an individual. Numerically it is stated: H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ≠¤ ÃŽ ¼2 H1: ÃŽ ¼2 > ÃŽ ¼2 The five-step hypothesis test starts with stating the null and alternative  hypothesis. The null is H0: ÃŽ ¼1≠¤ÃŽ ¼2 and the alternative hypothesis is H1: ÃŽ ¼1>ÃŽ ¼2. The second step in find the decision rule. The decision rule is reject H0 if ÃŽ ¼1< ÃŽ ¼2< ÃŽ ¼1. Step 3 is to calculate the test statistics. It has come to the mean of the earning potential of those who are married and those who are unmarried. Married couples have a mean salary of $33,303.00 and unmarried individuals have a mean salary of $24,864.00. Step 4 is to compare the test statistics to the critical value. The test results in married couples have a greater income than the salaries of unmarried people. Step 5 is to state the results. In result, married couples have greater earning potential than that of their unmarried counterparts. Therefore, in this case the team has to reject their null hypothesis because they have discovered a greater earning potential for married couples over unmarried individuals. The team’s results provided support to the null hypothesis that a married individual has a higher earning potential than that of a single individual. As previously stated a single individual on average makes $25, 000 while married individuals make on average $34,000 a year. Our research also indicates more working individuals are married over single. Our sample only included 33 single and 67 married individuals. Our study also found non-married men have wages that range from $11,000 to only $27,000 while non-married females wages range from $15,000 to $83,000. Married men have wages that range from $28,000 to $84,000, married women however only have wages that range from $11,000 to $50,000. This shows independent women with one sole income on average make more than men. However, after marriage, the men tend to become the higher wage earner. Education does not appear to play a significant role it ranges from four to 18 years. A married man with 18 years of education can made up to $84,000 while a single man also with 18 years of education only made $27,000. That is in contrast with a single woman with 17 years of education who make $83,000 a year and a married woman with 17 years of education who made $34,000. The maximum wage for a married woman was $50,000 and this was with 12 years of education. We analyzed many different aspects of earning potential and the majority proves a married individual will make more than that of a single individual. With all of the numerical data analyzed, the research question answered, and the hypothesis being correct, the team has been able to state confidently that marital status drastically affects  earning potential. On average, those who are married make nearly $8,500 more than those who are unmarried. Several other factors determine the income potential differences, but without further analyses of data not provided in the data set, the team would just be throwing around assumptions on the matter. References David P. Doane, L. E. (2007). Applied Statistics in Business and Economics. New York: McGraw- Hill.

Drawing the Line: Normal and Abnormal Behavior Essay

The term abnormal is defined as deviating from the norm (Spoor, 1999). The definition however is problematic in that it addresses other factors. For instance, one needs to consider what the norm is and who labeled it as such. Norms are also dynamic; a norm today may no longer be one in the future. The fact that norms are also culture specific (Syque, 2007) leads one to consider that abnormality is largely relative.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Delineating between normal and abnormal behavior is thus more complicated in that a medical implication is often involved. Several criteria have been proposed to account for such. For instance, the first criteria accounts for the behavior’s deviation from cultural norms. Cultures impose upon its members certain norms and the deviation from such often results to being labeled as abnormal. Men who wore earrings forty years ago were thus considered abnormal. Second, abnormal behavior deviates from the statistical norm (Smith, Nolen – Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus, 2003). Most people tend to fall within the mean of certain traits. An individual with an IQ of 40 falls on the extreme end and is therefore considered abnormal. Third, abnormal behavior is maladaptive; that is, it has detrimental effects on the individual and society. A woman who fears crowds and avoids taking the bus to work even if she has to is an example. Lastly, abnormal behavior causes personal distress (Smith, et al, 2003). An individual who harbors self – defeating belilefs about himself is deemed abnormal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abnormal behavior is rarely diagnosed effectively using just one from the aforementioned criteria. For a subject that calls to draw the line between normality and abnormality; one needs to be cautious in that people are inevitably affected and involved. References Smith, E., Nolen – Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. & Loftus, G. (2003). Atkinson & Hilgard’s   Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction to Psychology, 14th Edition. Singapore: Thomson Learning Asia. Spoor, Katrina. (1999). What is â€Å"abnormal†? A Beginner’s Guide to Abnormal Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Site. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.purgatory.net/merits/abnormal.htm Syque. (2007). Elements of Culture. ChangingMinds.org Site. Retrieved December 12, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://changingminds.org/explanations/culture/elements_of_culture.htm

Do universal moral principles exist If so, what are these universal Research Paper

Do universal moral principles exist If so, what are these universal morals - Research Paper Example The issue seems endless, the answer unreachable on any proven level, yet is sparks fire in the hearts of even the judges in courtrooms who must apply the law to ‘hard cases’ and stretch its definition whilst keeping in line with written provisions. Indeed, there are strong arguments both for and against the existence of universal moral standards. The issue is not one of proof; it is rather one of providing the most plausible argument. So what is a universal moral principle? It is an objective knowledge of right and wrong; a confidence in the natural goodness of human nature. Our reflective intellect possesses a direct knowledge of the qualities from which conclusions might be drawn about what these moral rules are. The biggest problem faced by this contention is answering the question: where do they come from? Are they inherent within us, or do they come from a higher being? Do we learn them over time as we grow, or were we born with the ability to access these moral principles? Aquinas makes reference to the existence of natural laws created by God, which we access by intellectual reasoning given to us by Him (Aquinas 1920, Q.2-94:2). Hare states that human logic applies to our moral assertions, allowing us to arrive at an objective standard of moral principles. Rousseau argued that we were born with a certain set of natural rights, which are then transpired into the moral respect we give each other Rousseau (17 62). If these different contentions are right, they all point to one thing; an existing set of moral principles, followed universally. So, everyone considers murder, or the taking of another’s life to be immoral. This is very plausible if one considers the law and punishment severity in law for murder; we all arguably believe in the preservation of life. However, in some societies this means killing the

Environmental Analysis HTC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 17

Environmental Analysis HTC - Essay Example Hence a strategic plan has been suggested in this study which could address this particular issue concerning the organization. The strategic implementation plan has also been recommended which can help HTC revive its position in the market and lead to increased revenue generation and profitability in the long run. This study entails formulating a strategic plan for HTC Corporation. The company engages itself in the business of designing, manufacturing and marketing Smartphone that is based on the Android operating system developed by Google and Windows operating system developed by Microsoft (â€Å"Company Profiles for HTC Corp (2498)†). The strategic plan and its implementation process have been discussed after analyzing the internal and external environmental factors affecting the organization. Environmental analysis of HTC Corp. refers to the various internal and external factors having an impact on the business activities carried out by the company. SWOT analysis can be used as an effective strategic tool to analyze the internal and external factors associated with the organization (Williams, Champion, and Hall 108). The primary objective of using the SWOT analysis is to uncover the opportunities, strengths, threats, and weaknesses of the company. The SWOT analysis of HTC Corp. is presented below: A. Strengths: The research and development (R & D) capabilities of HTC is immense. The company has been involved in investments related to enhancing its R & D capabilities on a consistent basis since its inception. A significant portion of the revenues generated by the company accounts for R & D investments made by the company. Moreover, R & D professionals constitute most of the employees working in the organization.

African American Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African American Studies - Assignment Example As Ogbar points out, it is now the case that in the past decade, hip-hop has often "deviated from conventional notions of race," even though race and ethnicity still play a big role (Ogbar, 38). The first section of the chapter deals with the way that definitions of the "real" from the 60s, 70s, and through the 90s. Ogbar argues that hip-hops appeal during its formative years stemmed from the way it pulled from what he labels "black oppositional culture," which opposed "the dominant [white] culture and ideologies" (Ogbar, 39). Because of this, what makes things real in hip-hop is at some level "an intimate familiarity with the urban, working-class landscapes" of the 1970s, as well as basic knowledge of criminal activity in most cases (Ogbar, 39). It is worth noting, however, that hip-hop from the late 90s on has been increasingly political as well, including from commercial rappers who address the problems their ethnic culture faces in "sophisticated and highly racialized discources" (Ogbar, 40). Interestingly, Ogbar also points out that a lot of the essential elements of hip-hop culture came from Puerto Ricans and other non-black ethnicities (Ogbar, 40). This leads into a longer discussion of race, going from what coinstitues a "real nigga" (Ogbar, 44), the rise of gangsta rap (Ogbar, 45), and the effect that a shift from New York City to Los Angeles, with its rampant gangs, heavier chicano presence, had as hip-hop began to feature "raw and bold depiction[s] of ghetto life in postindustrial Los Angeles" (Ogbar, 45). It is especially interesting to see how the group called Cypress Hill, which was made up of Latino artists, used black slang that should have been very offensive, but which ended up making them "the first Latino group to go platinum" (Ogbar, 46). And the way in which Asian-American hip-hop singers do the opposite, by not using black slang at all but still talking out about racism

Some Philosophy Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Some Philosophy Questions - Essay Example However, Meno’s next proposal is that, virtue has the capability of exercising power over people. Socrates opposes this proposal on two grounds: first, it not honorable for children or slaves themselves to exercise power over people, and secondly, presiding over people is only virtuous if at all it is done justly. This opinion influences Meno to immediately consider virtue as being justice. But he then gives in to Socrates that integrity is a kind of virtue but not virtue itself. Since Meno is more competence, he attempts to classify virtue again, this time suggesting that it concerned with longing for good things and obtaining the power to protect them but provided that one does so justly (Plato 33-37). However, his definition again stumbles upon the predicament of using â€Å"justice† in defining virtue. So because of him being very talkative, he even starts to contrast Socrates to an animal with the name torpedo fish, claiming that it numbs anything it touches. This disturbs Socrates responding that learning is not just finding out something new, but rather recollecting something that the essence had the information about before birth, and has forgotten since then. We see him trying to review the clear picture of what he meant, by calling one of Meno’s slave boys, drawing a square containing sides of two feet, and then ask the boy to make calculation of how lengthy would be the face of a square, if it happened to contain twice an area belonging to the one he had just drawn. After the boy gets a wrong answer, Socrates helps him to recognize the correct answer without essentially explaining anything that would force the boy into solving the problem on his own. If the boy reaches into a conclusion on his own with no direct teaching, then he must have been summoning up something he already knew. Socrates proposes two hypotheses on the subject of virtue, in order to totally convince Meno. The first verbalizes that, if integrity is a category of knowledge, then teaching is a key factor and second, if it exists anything good that isn’t knowledge, the possibility is that virtue is not a class of knowledge (Plato 59-63). He later concludes that virtue is wisdom either in general or parts and therefore it cannot be something that people are born with. He also says that virtue is not necessarily a product of knowledge but of factual belief. And that it is a topic of being capable of giving a report of what people knows, just like it is reviewed by the slave boy with the mathematical proof. Question two Descartes totally agrees that mind is completely different from body by establishing two motive factors, the religious and the scientific motive that makes his argument called real distinction. The religious motivation provides a rational starting point for a trust in the soul’s immortality. The scientific motivation emphasis that the nature of mind is absolutely distinctive as of that belonging to the body, hence paving way for Descartes’ description called the new mechanistic physics. The argument therefore shows that there could be possibility for one existing without the other. In religious motivation, Descartes’ purpose of reviewing that human intelligence or soul is really different from body is to refute the irreligious people. This is because they only believe in mathematics and that they would not

Is Entrepreneurship merely a special case of leadership Research Paper

Is Entrepreneurship merely a special case of leadership - Research Paper Example Not every entrepreneur is a leader and not every leader is necessarily an entrepreneur; as globalization draws together resources and business capabilities and turns innovation into the major source of competitive advantage in business, entrepreneurs and leaders must assume a new, different vision of business reality which brings both concepts together and creates a new entrepreneurial leadership paradigm. What is entrepreneurship? Who is an entrepreneur? These are the questions that stir the hearts and minds of researchers and business professionals. Different researchers provide different conceptualizations of entrepreneurship; the latter has already become a buzzword in present day organization studies. The meaning of entrepreneurship can be traced back to the beginning of the 19th century, when the French economist Jean-Baptist Say created the first feasible definition of entrepreneurship (Miller & Collier 81). According to Say, entrepreneur is the one who â€Å"shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield† (Miller & Collier 81). More specifically, entrepreneur is believed to be the one who manages resources in ways that create value and profit in conditions of risk and uncertainty (Miller & Collier 81). The nature of entrepreneurship is too elusive to have a single, universal definition. Nonetheless, entreprene urs can be described in terms of the so-called â€Å"big five† traits. These are â€Å"risk-taking propensity, need for achievement, need for autonomy, self-efficacy, and locus of control† (Vecchio 307-9).... The nature of entrepreneurship is too elusive to have a single, universal definition. Nonetheless, entrepreneurs can be described in terms of the so-called â€Å"big five† traits. These are â€Å"risk-taking propensity, need for achievement, need for autonomy, self-efficacy, and locus of control† (Vecchio 307-9). Entrepreneurs exhibit an unprecedented striving and willingness to take up risks (Vecchio 307). This risk-taking propensity is a distinctive feature of entrepreneurship. Unlike managers, entrepreneurs are inclined to identify and access business scenarios that offer greater incentives and opportunities for profitability and growth (Vecchio 307). They are more achievement-motivated than business owners and managers (Vecchio 308). Simultaneously, entrepreneurs naturally seek greater autonomy in their decisions; it is through autonomy that entrepreneurs exercise freedom of self-expression in business environments and enjoy better adaptability to changeable conditi ons of doing business (Vecchio 308). Entrepreneurs have the self-efficacy needed to exercise full control over business situations (Vecchio 308). They always possess locus of control which is integrally linked to self-efficacy (Vecchio 308). These and other features position entrepreneurship as a distinct and separate field of research and performance; yet, both in research and business activity entrepreneurship and leadership still go hand in hand. Yang defines leadership as the art of influencing others. Leadership is crucial to the future of business (1). Effective leaders exemplify a foundational predictor of profitability and growth in changeable business environments (Yang 1). An effective leader is a person who influences other

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Discussion - Assignment Example Their recreational activities are also hindered. She says that she had to squeeze her work time, which served as her recreation to be with the kids at home, as her husband could not manage the kids alone. â€Å"...so I asked if I could just come to the store during the week...† (Ladies Home Journal, pg 2). Another challenge that women experienced was when the children fell ill. They felt they would be blamed for the illnesses. â€Å"...so I had exposed fifteen children to measles, and I was not the most unpopular mother in the neighbourhood...† (Pg 3) On the other hand, the richer women boasted of easier work handling of the house chores as they were introduced to machines like the hoover and the â€Å"full kitchen† accessories (Primary source pictorial, page 2 and page 5).In general, women found themselves caught between house chores and their leisure, which they often chose to fore go. In as much as the parents and social scientists of the day experienced anxiety over the emergence of a separate teenage culture, the business community took this to their advantage and produced more goods that would fit in the teenagers lifestyles. The increasing â€Å"teen market† was directly proportional to production and sales by the companies (The Teenage Consumer, Life 1959. Pg 2). Teenagers no longer fancied bikes and dresses; instead they surrounded themselves with millions of photographs, television sets and cameras, much to the disbelief of the parents who thought such as luxuries at their time (The teenage consumer, Life Magazine. Pg 1). As illustrated in "Life Magazine", (August 31st, 1959, Pg 1), previously the businessmen mainly ignored the teenage market. However, they later began to pump more resources in line with the teenage demand. A case example of a 17-year-old Suzzie is given; a route that apparently teenagers would

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 57

Discussion - Assignment Example Another primary rule of delegation that was violated is with regard to the fact that the charge nurse did not choose the right person to delegate to. Instead of checking to ensure that the individual had prior training or was capable of performing such a task, the charge nurse instead merely demanded that it be done with no further instructions. This created a hostile environment in which further questions or seeking out advice was stunted (True et al., 2014). In terms of how the unlicensed staff member could have advocated for herself, it would be necessary for this individual to make a clear and demonstrable assertion that as she was unlicensed, it would be not only against the law but potentially harmful to the patient for her to perform such a task. Finally, in the event that this author were working with the charge nurse, it would be necessary to say calmly that you would be more than happy to help in another way. However, performing the duty in question would be a violation of the law and could land both of you in trouble; as the individual does not have requisite training on the matter. True, G., Stewart, G., Lampman, M., Pelak, M., & Solimeo, S. (2014). Teamwork and Delegation in Medical Homes: Primary Care Staff Perspectives in the Veterans Health Administration.  Inflammopharmacology,  29632-639.

Online shopping environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online shopping environment - Essay Example Online shopping has of late been the most accepted way of doing shopping where people purchase goods and services. The online shopping gives the consumer much information on price and products where the customer can make a choice and compare them (Lin and Chuan, 2013). Some factors restrict people from buying online which may include lack of trust. However, there are more reasons to trade online than offline. The process constitutes five steps similar to those found in the traditional shopping behavior. Typically, online shopping process recognizes the need for merchandise or service, and they get to the internet and seek the related information. Sometimes, instead of searching actively, the consumers are moved by the information regarding the services and products associated with the need they have (Zhou and Tian, 2010). The consumers choose among the alternatives the one that fits best the criteria they need. Finally, the transaction is done, and services after the sales are provided. The internet sites have attractive sitemaps that are well formatted to attract the consumers. The items that are advertised branded clearly. The images of the icons of the items that are found on the internet can be enlarged or zoomed out to allow clear viewing of the item. The development of 2D and 3D technology has greatly improved the online shopping as the goods are well demonstrated giving the consum er a clear interactive viewing. The internet sites offer adequate product information details about the products that are is advertised (Richardson, 2011). The virtual shopping environment has become the widely used platform in doing buying in the current world due to its effectiveness and reliability. Online shopping relies mostly on the goods and service presentation on the website. The images are used to represent the actual item on the internet. The more attractive the images,

Nortel Case Report Essay Example for Free

Nortel Case Report Essay The company also used to be affiliated with ATamp;T/Western Electric until Western was forced to sell its stake in 1949. In 1976, the company changed its name from Northern Electric to Northern Telecom Limited, and shifted its concentration on digital technology. In 1977, Nortel introduced its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches. Nortel ended its long relationship with ATamp;T in 1984, a year after deregulation named. Bell Canada Enterprises the parent company to Northern Telecom. In 1998, the company acquired Bay Networks and changed its name to Nortel Networks. In the late 90’s, Nortel’s sales of fiber optic network gear was predicted to help their sales, but the market became saturated very quickly. At the height of Nortel’s first 100 years the company amassed for more than a third of the total valuation of all companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), but once the Internet bubble passed, the company fell into ethical debacle. Nortel Networks Corporation, or formally known as Northern Telecom Limited was one of the largest telecommunications equipment companies in the world prior to its filing for bankruptcy protection on January 14th, 2009. During times of functionality, they specialized in multinational telecommunications equipment manufacturing. The company is based in Canada out of Mississiauga, Ontario, Canada. Their biggest rival always was Global System Mobile (GSM). Through the early 1990s, the company invested heavily in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) in attempt to grow in European and Asian markets. This did not pan out so well as Nortel’s losses amounted to $27. 3 billion by 2001—causing them to lay off two-thirds of the workforce. From 2000 through 2003 there was a period of fiscal irresponsibility resulting from the work of the company’s administrators. Initially in 2000, they falsified their fourth-quarter earnings by $1 billion to meet market expectations and selectively reversing certain revenue entries. In 2002, administrators discovered $300 million in excess reserves being carried over and swept it under the rug for future benefit in addition to establishing another $151 million in unnecessary reserves. In 2003, administrators directed the release of at least $490 million of excess reserves to boost earning, fabricate profits, and pay bonuses. Losses turned to profits during this year thanks to the shifty methods taking place. Later in that year, administrators mislead investors as to why Nortel was conducting a purportedly â€Å"comprehensive review† of its assets—attributed by restatement $948 million in liabilities. They said restatement was caused solely by internal control mistakes instead of the truth that there was intentional improper handling of reserves which needed to remain hidden. 2 On October 23rd, 2003, the company announced that Nortel would restate its financials for fiscal years 2000, 2001, and 2002. Shortly after this restatement, the major players of Nortel’s administration that were responsible for all of this were exposed through an independent investigation. In March 2004, The CFO and controller were suspended, in addition to the announcement of further restatements and revisions; they were terminated a month later in April 2004. A restatement in early 2005 showed approximately $3. 4 billion in misstated revenues and another $746 in liabilities. In late 2005, Nortel admitted that restatements were the result of management fraud—beginning the downturn of their stock. The company ended up restating financials four times over four years, replacing senior management, and instituting a comprehensives remediation program designed to ensure proper accounting and reporting practices. Eventually on October 15th, 2007, Nortel agreed to settle by paying a $35 million civil penalty and admitting to violations of the antifraud, reporting, books and records, and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws. 2 On June 25th, 2009, Nortel’s price dropped to 18. 5 cents a share down from a high of $124. 0 in 2000. The company decided that month that they would discontinue operations and sell off all of its business units. Nortel’s CDMA wireless business and LTE access technology were sold to Ericsson, and Avaya purchased Nortels Enterprise business unit. Major Players in the Scandal: The major players in this scandal were the four members of the senior management: CEO Frank Dunn, CFO Douglas Beatty, controller Michael Gollogly, and ass istant controller Maryanne Pahapill. CEO Frank Dunn, who is also a certified management accountant. Dunn was mainly involved in the improper use of reserves from 2000 to 2003. CFO Douglas Beatty, controller Michael Gollogly, and assistant controller Maryanne Pahapill were also involved in this management fraud. 2 The Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Toronto arrested ex-CEO Frank Dunn, ex-CFO Douglas Beatty, and former corporate controller Michael Gollogly on seven counts of fraud. Including charges â€Å"fraud affecting public market; falsification of books and documents; false prospectus, pertaining to allegations of criminal activity within Nortel Networks during 2002 and 2003. Magnitude of the financial issue: Nortel at its peak was one of the best companies that Canada had ever seen. Just like ENRON and other financial frauds at the time, Nortel appeared to be a shining example of success in the corporate world. Again like ENRON, Nortel grew through a strategy of aggressive expansion and purchasing of smaller companies in order to create a massive conglomerate. During the good times Nortel was the largest technology company and the most valuable company in Canada. Nortel accounted for over one third of the entire aluation of the Toronto Stock Exchange. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the Canadian equivalent of the New York Stock Exchange and holds the most influential stock market in Canada. Nortel employed about 95,000 employees worldwide. About 26,000 of those workers based in Canada alone. Nortel at one point had a market capitalization of almost C$400 billion. Nortel had set up pensions and healthcare protection for its employees. All of these were lost to either the restructuring under Frank Dunne which left about 60,000 employees without jobs or the bankruptcy that followed in 2009. Canadian government officials and regulators identified how destructive a full failure of Nortel would be on the Canadian economy. The Canadian government through the Export Development Canada project tried to lend money to the falling giant. However the Canadian government could not cover all of Nortel’s debt obligations. Nortel owed about $107 million and the EDC (Export Development Canada) could only supply about $30 million in short term loans. This $107 million interest payment accounted for about 4% of Nortel’s cash and put the company into bankruptcy. The world financial crisis of 2008 had put too much strain on Nortel and they were forced to begin liquidation. Public auditor: The auditors involved with this case were Deloitte and Touche. In documents from the fraud case, which is still being heard by the Royal court in Canada, Deloitte claims that they were not given proper documentation by Nortel. Deloitte claims that they did not have pertinent information which should have been provided by administrators at Nortel. Deloitte raised concerns to the audit board of Nortel in 2003 when Nortel turned a profit after Frank Dunne’s restructuring of the company. Deloitte raised awareness of potential fraud and did their duty in that respect. However further investigation conducted has implicated Deloitte in the financial reporting irregularities in Nortel which some have claimed dates back to the time of CEO Roth who held office before Dunne. Information coming out of the case states that even if transactions were deemed suspicious, they still signed off on the verity of the financial reports. Frank Dunne and some of his officers are now charged with fraud by both the SEC and the OSC which regulate the American and Canadian markets respectively. The case is currently still under review in the Royal court of Canada and civil charges have been brought in the United States. Fraud Triangle Nortel had experienced tremendous growth throughout the 1990s, allowing it to expand operations worldwide. Nortel’s expansion came during the telecommunication and technology bubble of the 1990s that inflated stock prices of companies in those sectors. Frank Dunn had taken over for the previous CEO, John Roth, in November 2001 during the telecommunication bubble bust. Dunn felt pressured to maintain the high stock price because it accounted for over one third of Nortel’s value2. Nortel management was also incentivized to post profits that produced executive bonuses with over $7. 8million going to Dunn alone. The primary members of the Nortel fraud were able to commit the fraud because, as executive officers and controllers, they were able to go around the internal controls of the company. That allowed them to implement many accounting practices that did not comply with GAAP. Nortel management’s rationalization for these fraudulent practices must have been that they needed to maintain the high stock price in order for the company to continue operating. Moral Breach and Ethical Issues As a publicly traded company, Nortel had the responsibility of fairly reporting the company’s true financial data to stockholders and potential investors. Dunn, Beatty, Gollogly and Pahapill breached this responsibility by establishing earnings management accounting strategies to manipulate Nortel’s revenues. Nortel management also actively sought to inflate earnings to trigger very large bonuses for key members of management. Perhaps, if these incentives did not exist then there would be less motivation to commit the fraud. Finally, Nortel’s auditor for over a century, Deloitte and Touche, has come under scrutiny by the defense lawyers in Dunn, Gollogly and Beatty’s civil trial in Canada this year. The defense claims that Deloitte approved of all major accounting adjustments that Dunn and his team had engaged in. Summary of Legal Actions On April 28th, 2004, Dunn and his fraud partners were fired for financial mismanagement2. On March 12th, 2007 the SEC filed civil charges against Dunn, Beatty, Gollogly and Pahapill for repeatedly engaging in accounting fraud to bridge gaps between Nortel’s true performance, its internal targets, and market expectations. Dunn and Beatty were charged with violating the officer certification agreement that was established by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Nortel settled with SEC on October 15, 2007 by consenting to be prescribed from violating the antifraud, reporting, books and records, and internal control provisions of the federal securities laws. Nortel paid $35million to the SEC, and $1million to the Ontario Securities Commission to establish a Fair Fund for affected shareholders. Finally, Canadian authorities arrested and charge Dunn, Beatty and Gollogly with seven counts of fraud. Their trial began on January 16th, 2012. Current Status: Nortel, once known as the largest telecommunications manufacturer in the world, filed for bankruptcy in 2009. Now three years later, the period of bankruptcy continues as the company discloses their every operating report highlighting each cash receipt and disbursement. When Nortel went bankrupt, executives believed that selling all business assets would be the best and easiest way to fight debt. Recently, Nortel has netted $7. 7 billion from selling its patents and businesses. As stated on their website, â€Å"Nortel remains focused on maximizing value for its stakeholders, including the sale of its remaining assets, resolution of claims, the wind-down of its global operations and entities, resolution of allocation matters with respect to the sale proceeds, and other significant restructuring activities toward the conclusion of the creditor protection proceedings. † The case for Nortel executives Dunn (ex CEO), Beatty (ex CFO) and Gollogy (ex controller), who were charged with fraud for affecting the public market and falsifying books and documents to earn larger bonuses, is still in trial. In February, a former Vice President of Nortel testified in court against executives stating that they had asked him to use questionable accounting methods to manipulate the company’s earnings. Although those who committed the crime have been charged, thousands of employees will still be left without pension plans and jobs. Nortel has spent over $20 million on retirement package these past two year, but unfortunately the company will stop the pension plan and disability program payments as it continues to sell away its businesses. By the end of 2011, Nortel was split into regional entities – Nortel Networks Limited in Canada and Nortel Networks Inc in the United States, causing disagreements over how to split $7. 5 billion that was earned by selling many assets and patents other corporations such as Apple and Microsoft Corp. The following charts, graphs and financial statements analyze Nortel’s current status. Case Study Questions and Solutions: 1. Dunn is a certified management accountant. Based on the facts of the case, which provisions of the IMA’s Statement of Ethical Professional Practice that was discussed in chapter 1 have been violated? Dunn violates many of the provisions of the IMA’s statement of Ethical Professional Practice they are as follows: 1. Perform professional duties in accordance with law, regulations and technical standards. 2. Provide decision information that is accurate, clear, concise and timely 3. Retain from engaging in any conduct that would prejudice carrying out any duties ethically. 4. Abstain from engaging in or supporting any activity that might discredit the profession. 5. Communicate information fairly and objectively. 6. Disclose all relevant information, that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended users understanding of the reports analyses or recommendations. 7. Disclose delays or deficiencies in information timeliness processing or internal controls in conformance with organization policy and/or applicable law. He violated these by selective reversal of revenue entries in 2000. Followed by concealing the reserves in 2002, which violated GAAP, and then avoided posting a profit so the company wouldn’t have to pay out bonuses. In 2003 Dunn released the reserves to falsely report a profit, which allowed them to eports a profit a quarter earlier than expected, and to pay out more bonuses to senior management. Also in 2003 he misled the investors about why Nortel had restated its financials in order to avoid uncovering the unethical management techniques him and his team had been using. All of these actions take away Dunn’s integrity and credibility in the field of manageria l accounting, which are two of the standards the IMA sets out. Dunn failed to meet his professional code of conduct and his company suffered because of it. 2. What are the responsibilities of an auditor to detect fraud? How were those responsibilities compromised by the actions of Nortel’s management? It is the auditors responsibility to report fraud if they find it, however in this case the actions of Nortel’s management made it difficult for the auditors to do their job. The false financial statements and hiding of money veiled the problems of the company from the auditors. Once there was a hint of the fraud the auditors found it and perused the trail, taking the ethical route and also following the code of conduct. It was their investigation that brought down the fraudulent executives and forced the company to restate its financials properly. This would eventually lead to the failure of Nortel. Nortel made materially false and misleading statements and omissions in connection with the quarterly reviews and materially misstated annual audits of financial statements. This caused the auditors to not be able to properly do their job, and review the statements. 3. Describe the incentives that created pressure on Nortel to manage earnings. Considering the role of Nortel’s management in this regard, discuss whether it met its corporate governance obligations as discussed in previous chapters. The incentives that drove Nortel to manage its earning where greed of the management team, the pressure to deliver bonuses, the pressure to survive an economic downturn, and the pressure to make the company seem like a good investment to both current and potential investors. In an economic climate of intense competition and corporate greed the management at Nortel fell victim to their vices and allowed the pressure to perform to overwhelm their priorities. This caused them to put their own greed and personal ambition before the well being of the company. Nortel did not meet its corporate governance obligations. It did not follow any internal rules of how to run the business. It ignored any corporate ethics they might have. It lied to stakeholders several times by misstating the financials. They did not follow the professional code of conduct of their careers and also did not follow industry standards. They broke the law. No one inside the company caught the fraud therefore their internal controls where not effective. Each of these immoral acts is a case where corporate governance has failed. 4. The final quote in the case characterizes Nortel’s failure as â€Å"just another casualty of capitalism. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? How would you characterize the cause of the failure at Nortel? I would argue that Nortel is not just another casualty of capitalism. Nortel did not function in a system of free market capitalism where the government had absolutely no regulation and let the markets function however they wanted. The capitalism system of North America is more of a mixed economy, which combines public and private ownership of companies, and also provides government regulation and intervention to prevent and deal with fraud. Even in a free market the system is meant to come to an equal balance of supply and demand, which cannot be reached if there is fraud involved since the supply has been inaccurately disclosed by the senior management at Nortel. I would characterize this failure as one of humanity. It was not the economic system that allowed this fraud to take place, but the greed of the people and a social environment that ties success so strongly to wealth. It was the social pressure and the effect of human nature that led to Nortel’s demise. . The case discusses how Nortel’s managers prioritized themselves over the shareholders, which, in part, lead to the company’s failure. What should be a company’s first priority? A company’s first priority should be following their code of ethics. The second priority should be the shareholders, followed by the management and other employees. This hierarchy ensures that all the business that is done with be both moral and legal , meaning there is no room to commit fraud and damage the company. In this way you are putting the shareholders first, because by providing a stable and healthy company the shareholders will see an investment that will be able to reach its highest potential. 6. Was Nortel’s settlement a fair penalty? Should the SEC have imposed harsher or more lenient sanctions? Should these sanctions have been on the managers, on Nortel as a whole, or both? A fair settlement would offer compensation to all those who were hurt by this fraud. Groups that may have been hurt could be shareholders, employees and customers. Deciding what is a fair compensation is a little more difficult, however as much of what these people lost as possible should be returned to them. As for the managers who created the problems and took part in the fraud should face a sentence of termination from their company, loss of license (if applicable) and jail time. The company and the individual managers have both failed stakeholders and should both be held accountable. In the case of Nortel specifically the stockholder settlement goes with these guidelines, as for the managers their trial is still ongoing and therefore no sentenced has been given to them yet.

The Importance of Working Capital Management

The Importance of Working Capital Management Working capital management defines the management in the short term of the relationship between a companys current assets and liabilities. The most common elements of working capital will include inventory, receivables and payables which represent the operating working capital (OWC) held by a company usually within a year. Fig.1 below shows the interaction between these elements of OWC. The goal of OWC management is to ensure that a company has enough cash flow, measure in terms of liquidity, to satisfy its short term debts and continue to support its day to day operations. Most articles and books discuss the significance of OWC in terms of obtaining an optimal balance between inventory, receivables and payables, McLaney E. and Atrill P., Accounting: An Introduction (Prentice Hall, 2008). Abraham et al., Accounting for Managers, (Cengage, 2008) further expatiates on this critical importance and state that most organisations invest between 25 40% of their net assets on OWC which represents a major short term investment. However, these books present a generic methodology to OWC and do not consider a firms unique nature, industries or size. Furthermore, this significance of working capital will depend on its size and composition and will vary between industries such as Rolls Royce Plc a manufacturing company will place particular attention to its high inventory levels and payables unlike British Airways Plc a service provider with no inventory. Thomas M. Krueger, An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across Industries, American Journal of Business, 2005, vol 20 presented a research based on the annual ratings of working capital management across industries published in CFO magazine. The result indicated that there was a consistency in working capital measures within industries but the working capital measures were are not static over time. In an online article Philip McCoster (2003), Accountancy: The Importance of Working Capital, (http://www.accountancy.com.pk/articles_students.asp?id=77).[Online].(Accessed 28/03/11) agrees with this dynamic nature of working capital and highlights this importance in more subtle way that most organisations are profitable on paper but are forced to cease trading because they cannot meet short term debts. According to him, small businesses in particular are prone to fail especially during start up bec ause they ignore the importance of working capital problems. Generally the importance of working capital is indisputable and whether its elements are managed as a whole or individual, its management is still important in order for an organisation to effectively manage its cash flow to continue operation. But while this is most said in papers, it seems rather paradixocal that in reality the importance OWC is ignore and most companies find themselves at the point of bankruptcy as was the case in the winning margin game. As a production manager in the Winning Margin game, I realised that the decisions I made especially in forecasting and managing machines output was very critical to the overall amount of finished goods inventory needed to achieve a positive OWC. This was clearly depicted in year two when two critical decisions; Forecasted a total production output of 11 costing $40 (appendix: Production and Sales Plans For The Year Ahead). Purchase of two additional Mark II machines (See appendix: Balance Sheet) This resulted to an increase in the amount of inventory to contracted amount although some inventory was tied up in Work in Progress and Finished goods leading to a drop in operating working capital (Year 2 Cash Flow Statement). Furthermore, the cash spent on new machines also led to a drop in the operating cash flow of the business. Therefore, in real life the production manager role is strategic and has a big impact on working capital and the overall business objective but his/her decisions can only be as effective when taken in collaboration with other departmental heads. 2.2 BUDGETING McLaney E and Atrill P., Accounting: An Introduction (Prentice Hall, 2008) defined a budget as a short term financial plan prepared by a business as an integral part of its strategic plan framework. A budget is use by managers to examine and compare between the actual to what was planned in a process known as the budget control. By using this technique, Group E benefited from the budgetary process in many ways: Forward thinking and identification of short-term problems: During the planning process of year 2, we realised that we had to budget for additional machine as well as additional loans. Doing this in good time gave us time to consider alternatives and chose the best course of action to take. Improved co-ordination: Doing planning each year meant we had to co-ordinate with each other. This was crucially beneficial because it improved visibility and decisions making as all activities were linked together. For example, decisions on production depended on sales estimates, raw material availability and funding to finance it. It provided a system of Control: At the beginning of each year, we had to compare year 1 and 2 performance and established areas of concerned. This provided a system of control and better planning for year 3. It created a system of authorisation: By deciding on a master plan of action for each year, this helped set expenditure limits especially as I, the production manager, wanted to increase amount of machine purchased in year 2 but was restricted. The budget motivated us to perform better: By establishing responsibilities to each member of the group, was beneficial to the whole team as each members felt they had contributed to the overall business objectives. Hence improving the teams spirit to perform. 2.3 Absorption Costing Absorption costing is a method of calculating the full output cost by charging direct costs with a fair share of indirect costs. The essence of absorption costing is to make costing simpler and easier so that management can make informed decisions. In the Winning Margin game, the use of this technique was beneficial to our group in several ways: Helpful in making output decisions: Absorption costing technique made calculating planned sales easier and as a team we were able to make informed decisions on production and cash flow. Exercising control decision: absorption costing is often used as a basis of budgeting and budget control. Therefore, it was beneficial to the team as it formed the basis of our budget and we were able to exercise control over our budget and plans Furthermore, the technique was particular useful to achieve efficiency since we were able to make decisions that compares alternative costs of doing similar things. For example we compared the costs of buying a Marked II or Mark III machine in year 2 as well as deciding between the various types of product to produce. In addition to this, absorption costing technique was significant as we were able to assess our teams performance. Its use made calculating yearly production cost, sales, profit and other financial data easier. This made facilitated the process of assessing our business and team performance for any given year. Although widely practiced, in real life the use of absorption costing technique will not be as simplistic as in the game. Moreover, the technique has been criticised for its use of past costs which are considered irrelevant in the decision making process as decisions need to reflect the future not the past. Other costing techniques such as variable costing are recommended. (Words 300)

The Reasons For Investing In It Projects Information Technology Essay

The Reasons For Investing In It Projects Information Technology Essay The requirement for software has developed far faster than world ability to create it. Also, the people need software that is isolated more usable, reliable, and stronger than what is being introduced today. We have become seriously dependent on very big software systems which behavior of character is not well identified and which are frequently fail in unexpected ways. So increase on software researches may be given a strong priority. Special emphasis should be placed on developing software for managing large amounts of information, for making computers easier to use, for making software easier to create and maintain, and for improving the ways humans communicate with computers.   IT changed the world Information Technology will be leading and most powerful in the 21st century that will change the way of our life style. Learning, working, and playing and everything will be depend on powerful IT Projects Advances in computing and communications technology will create a new infrastructure for business, scientific research, and social interaction. This expanding infrastructure will provide us with new tools for communicating throughout the world and for acquiring knowledge and insight from information. Information technology will help us to understand how we affect the natural environment and how best to protect it. It will provide a vehicle for economic growth. Information technology will make the workplace more rewarding, improve the quality of health care, and make government more responsive and accessible to the needs of our citizens. We are living in 21st century in these days everything is handy, everything is compact because of Information Technology .Developed country and developing country every one need information technology , because   everyone wants to make their work easier or shorter, even they are ready to spend more money for that. In this modern world people are expecting more from information technology, they want to be relevant to their dreams as a software or IT projects. The modern people are used to IT because the Information Technology have done a lot to the public that is from the communication service , transport service, accounts department, colleges, supermarkets, even a small grocery shop using   IT technologies. So this world is always welcoming Information Technology nowadays. IT is friendly for public   Mostly everyone in this world like to finish their work faster because that is the nature of human being,   so incredible   IT is a gift for   them. Now very rarely   we can see a long queue in bank or train ticket counter   because of   this IT   technology .You just imagine if millions of people living without any IT technology   even one day they cant   manage without it technology   everything will   freeze or struck and they cant   come out no heating no traffic lights. So everything depends on IT. The relationship between   information   technology   and   public never end public always need new   technologies and some updated for old technology. Impotence of   IT Companies There are lots of companies and organizations are waiting for good IT projects to attract their customers. They are ready to invest a lot of money for software projects. An IT company  needs to create a project for their clients, and they need to know about their clients requirements and user ability and the functions between the company and their customers. An IT company can do  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   End user IT support  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing desktops  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing their networks  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Voice and data communication  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Create Application for Business  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Planning for strategic Technology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project Management For their customers     Advantages   of   IT projects Information Technology   makes everything easy and faster. One software can finish the work very quickly, than many men doing that work so there is time saving. If a software can do a work of hundred mens work there is a cost cut, that company can save more wages in their profit. If everything computerized everything will be  under our finger tip paying a bill card transaction debit, credit card usage can do with a laptop or a PC. This could be financial impact, pure profit, ROI, increased sales, impact on share price. Mostly every department gets advantages from Information Technology so all of them are ready to invest their profits on Information Technology. Why companies and organizations investing in IT projects Each and every department working for their clients or customers, they need more customers to increase their profit level or profit margin. So they are expecting help from IT companies because they can create a suitable IT projects or software to make customers work easier. A good project management can create a useful project for their clients. A good project can very easily attract customers and in the mean time many customers can be handled by the software projects even a customer can operate the machine if the machine is user friendly, in future in all over the world all kind of work can be done by machines and applications. Many countries like America , United Kingdom Germany etc spending their money on Information Technology to develop the country.   Main Goals of investing in IT projects    There are main goals of everyone investing money, time in IT projects. Saving money saving time reduces risk of financial, technological and data losses caused by disasters. Increasing investment in IT projects become a multimillion business because the big company and industries realize that they can earn more money or more profit from this IT project and this IT projects stabilize their growth of their industries.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Futility of War: an Analysis of Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on

Front Stories of wars and the resulting victories are usually told in highly embellished narratives that seek to cover the grim realities of war as much as they aim to whip up popular emotion in order to ensure support for any future wars among the masses. However, war, by its very nature, is neither desirable nor its outcome praiseworthy. Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front lays bare the gritty, gruesome and ultimately self-defeating nature of wars. As Paul Baumer and his soldier comrades enlist and join the Germany Army in order to defeat the enemy, they themselves are slowly vanquished, first psychologically and finally physically through death. As the soldier members Paul Baumer’s company are slowly killed in battle, he becomes more and more disillusioned with the war, especially since he and his friends had enlisted with idealistic aims fed to them by their teacher Kantorek. Instead of patriotic glory and poetic war victories, Paul and his friends foun d defeat and ephemeral triumphs; instead of honor, they encountered dishonor; instead of personal growth and advancement, they found stagnation and watched their youthful dreams die. Through the war experiences of Paul Baumer as depicted in the novel All Quiet on the Western Front, the ultimate tragedy of war is revealed; it destroys the lives of its very agents – the soldiers – by crashing their dreams and claiming their lives for little discernible overall gain. Going To War Ultimately, Paul Baumer and his high school mates enthusiastically enlisted and went to war first out of a sense of youthful adventure. Barely out of their teens, Paul and his high school mates are not old enough to understand the socio-economic and political factors that charact... ... war as captured by the leaders of the war hardly depicts the futility of war, and only the through the accounts of soldiers on the front does the truth emerge, as it does in the novel – that war is counter-productive. Works Cited Hunt, Nigel. "The contribution of All Quiet on the Western Front to our understanding of psychological trauma." European Psychiatry 19, no. 8 (2004): 489-493. Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. Trans. A. W. Wheen. New York: Fawcett Books, 1982. Robinett, Jane. "The Narrative Shape of Traumatic Experience." Literature & Medicine 26, no. 2 (Fall2007 2007): 290-311. Tighe, Joseph A. 2004. "All Quiet on the Western Front: A Phenomenological Investigation of War." Critical Survey 16, no. 3(Fall 2004): 48-61. Ware, Thomas C. "Remarque's ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT." Explicator 63, no. 2 (Fall 2005): 99-100.

Importance of Fidelity in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Importance of Fidelity in Julius Caesar Humans have always been communal animals. They band together in groups, for social and survival needs. This sense of community brings about the values of dedication and loyalty. The alliances man has created inspires stories and plays about any number of time periods. Many examples of fidelity are illustrated in the characters of Julius Caesar. Antonius appears to be blindly loyal to Caesar. He comes off as a rash supporter in the scene that depicts Antonius viewing Caesar's body. Another situation where Antonius displays fidelity to Caesar is act one, scene two, in which the young runner pledges that whatever Caesar wishes is his command. The wild soliloquy he gives illustrates his allegiance to the slain king, and he seems to sacrifice his body to Caesar's spirit. Such devote feelings spur the reader to wonder what deed Caesar did for Antonius that the younger man would harbor said emotions. Not only the men of Julius Caesar but the women also show loyalty. Although Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, portrays herself as a needy woman, she also shows that she loves her husband very much. Fear overwhelms her when Caesar announces that, though he's been warned that the day would be his deathday, he would go outside. Calpurnia's dread of losing her husband shows that she depends on him very much. However, it is questionable in which way she depends on him: emotionally or monetarily. A woman accustomed to being pampered as an important official's wife would likely wish for her wealthy husband to live, and Calpurnia does give the impression that she is high maintenance. However, it would be unfair to claim she is only loyal to Caesar's money. Portia, on the other hand, is one of the most famous examples of a pledge of faith. She feels hurt that her husband, Brutus, would keep secrets from her because she has never done anything to harm him. She shows him how great her love for him without words by stabbing herself in the thigh, although her eloquent speech is moving as well: "I have made a strong proof of my constancy giving myself a voluntary wound here, in the thigh; can I bear that with patience, and not my husband's secrets?

The Taino and the Spanish Essay -- History Spanish Historical Papers

The Taino and the Spanish Cristà ³bal Colà ³n landed on an unknown island in the Caribbean on October 10, 1492. He planted banners in the beach claiming the land for the Spanish throne. Colà ³n’s perceptions and interactions with the indigenous people, the Taino, sparked the events that lead to the colonization of the Americas. Colà ³n’s perceptions of the Taino were misinterpreted by him. His misconceptions about the Taino were built from a compilation of his own expectations, readings of other explorers, and strong religious influence in Western Europe. The Taino also misunderstood the Spanish as well. Their false beliefs about the Spanish were driven by their religious beliefs as well as their mythology. Through misunderstandings backed by the religions, physical appearances, and the histories of both the Taino and the Spanish, the Taino believed that the Spanish were god-like figures that fell from the sky, while the Taino were perceived by the Spanish as simplistic, uncultured natives, that would be easily converted to Christianity and used as servants (Wilson, Hispanola p. 48-49).1 To better comprehend these events one must look at the preceeding events in both the lives of the Taino and The Spanish. Before the time of Cristà ³bal Colà ³n, Spain had recently had several encounters with colonization. They had taken over the kingdom of Granada and the Canary Islands. These colonizations gave Spain their model for subsequent colonizations. The dominance of Christianity in the colonizations was quite evident. Religious unity was believed to be required for social order and was a premise for the exercise of power (Quesada, Implicit Understanding p. 97-107).2 This relates to the Taino in that the Spanish believed the Taino would be c... ... encountered the Taino is dependent upon the understanding the religious and historical backgrounds of both. One must understand that the mythology of the Taino, the expectations of the Spanish, and the appearances of both played a major role in the reactions of these two cultures when they collided. Works Cited Colà ³n, Cristobal. The Diario of Cristà ³bal Colà ³n’s Voyage to America, Transcription and Translation Oliver Dunn and James E. Kelley Jr. de Las Casas, Bartolomà ©. The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Translation, Briffault, Herma, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London  © 1992. Quesada, Miguel. Miguel Quesada, â€Å"Spain 1492: Social values and structures,† Stuart Schwartz, ed. Implicit Understandings, Cambridge University Press. The Mission. Directed by Joffà ©, Roland. Written Credits, Bolt, Robert. Genre, Drama.  ©1986.

Comparing Contamination In The UK And Kuwait Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sustainable Communities Project helps and support community groups on all facets of environmental jurisprudence and in peculiar on how to efficaciously take part in environmental determination devising ; by organizing and running workshops, seminars, surgeries and other events in their part. We provide information and publications for persons and groups, raises consciousness about environmental rights and justness and inform people about ELF and our services. more†¦ The accomplishments and expertness of ELF and our members are used to inform the legal and other professions about topical environmental issues through the proviso of preparation and educational events. ELF provides Continuing Professional Development preparation that is accredited by the Law Society, the Bar Council and the Institute of Legal Executives. We besides run a preparation programme for voluntaries and housemans back uping our Advice and Referral Service and Community Outreach Programme. more†¦ ELF promotes entree to environmental justness for the communities we represent and encourage environmental consciousness at every chance. We help authorise communities and persons to do existent alteration for the better, for the environment and for the hereafter. ELF participates in national and international arguments to assist better societal and environmental policy and jurisprudence The Environmental Law Foundation ( E.L.F. ) is a national UK charity committed to assisting persons and communities use the jurisprudence to protect and heighten their environment. The E.L.F. has been awarded support from the Equality and Human Rights Commission to set about a programme of awareness-raising events in England and Wales by the proviso of jurisprudence surgeries aimed at under-represented communities to concentrate on issues of environmental and human rights. The successful campaigner will back up the officer in charge of the bringing of this exciting programme by organizing the information demands of the undertaking and the administration. This station would be of involvement to a recent alumnus who wishes to pursueaa‚ ¬A ¦ Kuwait The Environmental Public Authority of Kuwait ( EPA ) recognizes its ‘ duty towards the environment, and issues this policy as a statement of direction and employee committedness to minimising the environmental impact of its ‘ concern activities. In order to guarantee effectual direction of its ‘ activities, merchandises and services that have the possible to impact the environment, the EPA commits it self to: Bing cognizant of how its activities, merchandises and services impact upon the environment, and conformity with relevant environmental statute law, ordinances and other demands to which it subscribe. Continual betterment of it ‘s environmental public presentation by constructing environmental considerations into its ‘ determination devising procedures and methods of operation, to minimise environmental impact and prevent pollution. Puting and printing a clear set of environmental aims and marks to guarantee continual betterment in it ‘s environmental public presentation and to supervise consequences to guarantee that these marks are met. Guaranting that all EPA activities, merchandises and services, giving rise to important environmental impacts, at all sites are all covered by this policy and that the policy is implemented kept up and communicated to all employees. Communicating this policy and environmental aims to it ‘s clients and all other interested parties. Necessitating its providers and contractors to hold proper respects to EPA ‘s Environmental Policy in regard to the merchandises and services they separately provide. Jetro Aim of The Undertaking The aim of the JETRO Model Project is to analyze optimal solutions for the environmental rehabilitation and preservation of marine H2O quality in Kuwait Bay. To accomplish this intent, the JETRO Model Project includes three undertakings as its constituents as stated below. Three constituents of the Undertaking Component 1: Tidal Flat Project Component 2: Marine Environment Real-time Monitoring Undertakings Component 3: Technology Transfer Project. City CITES ( the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ) is an international understanding between authoritiess. Its purpose is to guarantee that international trade in specimens of wild animate beings and workss does non endanger their endurance. Widespread information presents about the endangered position of many outstanding species, such as the tiger and elephants, might do the demand for such a convention seem obvious. But at the clip when the thoughts for CITES were foremost formed, in the 1960s, international treatment of the ordinance of wildlife trade for preservation intents was something comparatively new. With hindsight, the demand for CITES is clear. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be deserving one million millions of dollars and to include 100s of 1000000s of works and animate being specimens. The trade is diverse, runing from unrecorded animate beings and workss to a huge array of wildlife merchandises derived from them, including nutrient merchandises, alien leather goods, wooden musical instruments, lumber, tourer oddities and medical specialties. Degrees of development of some animate being and works species are high and the trade in them, together with other factors, such as habitat lo ss, is capable of to a great extent consuming their populations and even conveying some species near to extinction. Many wildlife species in trade are non endangered, but the being of an understanding to guarantee the sustainability of the trade is of import in order to safeguard these resources for the hereafter. Because the trade in wild animate beings and workss crosses boundary lines between states, the attempt to modulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. CITES was conceived in the spirit of such cooperation. Today, it accords changing grades of protection to more than 30,000 species of animate beings and workss, whether they are traded as unrecorded specimens, fur coats or dried herbs. CITES was drafted as a consequence of a declaration adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN ( The World Conservation Union ) . The text of the Convention was eventually agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 states in Washington DC. , United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. The original of the Convention was deposited with the Depositary Government in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish linguistic communications, each version being every bit reliable. CITES is an international understanding to which States ( states ) adhere voluntarily. States that have agreed to be bound by the Convention ( ‘joined ‘ Citations ) are known as Parties. Although CITES is lawfully adhering on the Parties aa‚ ¬ † in other words they have to implement the Convention aa‚ ¬ † it does non take the topographic point of national Torahs. Rather it provides a model to be respected by each Party, which has to follow its ain domestic statute law to guarantee that CITES is implemented at the national degree. Daft Contentss Page Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Purposes and aims 1.3 Methodology Chapter 2 2.1 illustrations of the environment issues 2.2 2.3 Chapter 3 3.1 UK environmental issues. 3.2 Regulations & A ; Practices. 3.2 Environment organisations. 3.4 UK Environment Agency. Chapter 4 4.1 Kuwait environmental issues. 4.2 Regulations & A ; Practices. 4.3 Environment organisations. 4.4 Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) . Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Decision 5.3 Recommendations Mention Appendixs Appendix a Appendix B Literature Review Differences in environmental coverage patterns in the UK and the US ( Leigh Holland & A ; Yee Boon Foo, 2002 ) The paper examines the current environmental coverage patterns in the UK and US one-year studies it besides suggests elements of the legal and regulative construction of each state that regulates the bing environmental activity, and so act upon the environmental public presentation, and find the types of revelations that is made. The survey has been designed in order to prove the proposition that legal and regulative contexts are of import in the development of environmental revelations, but recognizes other factors that may be involved. The attack was utilizing a little sample to supply indexs of farther research. Alternatively of prosecuting in either a longitudinal or an in-depth survey for a big figure of companies, therefore the experimental groundss are being exploratory instead than unequivocal. The environmental direction context is examined to show an account of recent developments in order to propose influences on describing pattern that may be of import. After there are some theoretical considerations that are examined to determine whether the types of revelation originating from regulative forces reveal that answerability dose exist in the revelation of environmental information, and to what extent dosage this revelation discharges the organisation ‘s answerability to the users of such information. Globalization and the built environment in Kuwait ( Yasser Mahgoub, 2004 ) This paper argues impact of globalisation on the built environment besides discusses tenseness between the localisation and globalisation forces in Kuwait. Since the center of the twentieth century globalisation that has been active in the Gulf country when it witnessed an express development and transmutation that permitted localisation and globalisation patterns to be more manifested. The purpose of this paper is to analyse groundss and effects of the localisation and globalisation procedures in the reinforced environment of Kuwait through following the transmutation of the built environment the twentieth century. This survey claims that the struggle of manners that is presently present in the reinforced environment is a contemplation of struggle between the globalisation and the localisation processes, and that the cultural forces that is presently finding the built environment, such as Islamic-Western, modern-traditional, and local-international, is the result of this tenseness. In the decision of the paper the procedures of localisation and globalisation are coexisting and inseparable, similar to many other parts of the universe, which are in a province of nonstop alterations and interaction. And that there is a demand for an alternate apprehension of what planetary architecture can be, one that understands the critical demand to conserve and esteem assortment every bit good as doctrines of people, infinite, and the interactions with and within the reinforced signifier. Comparative appraisal of EIA systems in MENA states: Challenges and chances ( Karma El-Fadl, Mutasem El-Fadel, 2004 ) This survey compares the legislative models of the MENA states, Environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) is created as a determination tool in order to answer to the enforcing crestless wave of eco-centric apprehensivenesss to intercede between techno-centric position of sustained development and the capableness to make economic growing at the same clip as prevailing over the environmental jobs. This paper reveals position of EIA systems in the states of North Africa and Middle East part through a relative appraisal of the presented and planned processs and statute law. The incorporation of the pattern of EIA into a broad scope of civilizations and political systems reflecting the desire and demand to unite environmental considerations into the decision-making procedure. In decision there was foregrounding for some root cause of inadequate or hapless environmental direction public presentation throughout the part. Such as the consequence of poorness in rushing up the environmental debasement has been good established and recognized worldwide over the old ages. In add-on, environmental debasement is compounded with high rates of population growing and deficient degrees of instruction both at local populations and decision-making degrees. The analysis point out that there is deficient expertness and heed among the determination shapers and the populace, refering the significance of suited environmental direction and this is due to the low rate of implementing environmental statute law every bit good as deficiency of satisfactory environmental criterions and monitoring plans. Terrestrial & A ; Atmospheric Environment During & As ; After the Gulf War ( Tahir Husain, 1997 ) Appraisal of different pollutants in the tellurian environment as a consequence of Kuwaiti oil fires are presented in this survey. And the impacts of these pollutants on the environment and human wellness are besides briefly discussed. The most obvious environmental jobs emerged during the Gulf War were due to the largest oil spill on record and the torching of the oil Wellss in the Kuwaiti oil Fieldss. The Other environmental jobs were those associated with the harm done to the earthly environment due to the monolithic troop motions, the discharge of ammo during land and air conflicts, the possible release of toxic stuffs, and the ingestion of land and sea mines. In this survey there was a comparative rating during and after the Gulf War, based on the informations compiled on particulate affair concentration and gaseous pollutants at assorted locations within Kuwait. The analysis confirms that the concentration of gaseous pollutants and particulate affair during the oil fires in 1991 was much higher than in 1993. The economical and international dimensions of the environmental jobs, environmental jobs in the Black Sea part and the function of the voluntary organisations ( Nagehan Arslana, Mustafa Okmenb, 2005 ) Today environmental jobs have local, national and international facets. Where the environmental jobs in the Black Sea part are a good illustration, these jobs have affected all six states that have shores with the Black Sea. This survey analyses these jobs, and aims to comprehend the possible grounds for these jobs followed with suggestions to work out them taking into consideration the economic dimensions. Then it emphasizes the functions and importance of voluntary organisations in the procedure of work outing environmental jobs. The decision where basic stipulations to set about these jobs such as finding of the environmental state of affairs, development of a effectual, experienced applicable methods for support of proficient and institutional capacity, finding of investing demands in order to halt environmental pollution and decay. And that the solution proposals should include the fact that environmental jobs have legal, economic, societal, and political dimensions with their cumulative belongingss. The survey stressed that an analytical attack is needed for causes and result by analyzing the environmental jobs with local, regional and international belongingss. â€Å" State of the Art † – current cognition in the field Under the relevant European Directives, an Environmental Statement is the accepted merchandise of an Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Statements are frequently prearranged in a manner that illustrates the environmental baseline, betterment and effects for each type of environmental receptors such as ecology, archeological resources, H2O resources, human existences etc. Contaminated land is frequently managed in the same ways as a assortment of environmental receptor groups, although it is chiefly a cause of impacts instead than a receptor. It besides frequently refers to a preexistent province and its destructive consequence is on a assortment of different receptors such as human wellness, edifices, groundwater characteristics, surface H2O characteristics and ecology. This means that land taint experts struggle with incorporating the issue in a logical mode in an Environmental Statement. And lodging to the structured attack of an environmental statement is critical to guarantee a clear image of the bing environmental status. Contaminated land in many states is considered to be on a source-pathway-receptor footing. This is critical to understand the impact that land development can hold on the topic of contaminated land. And development can interfere with any of these three elements. As a affair of fact It can present sensitive receptors through altering the usage of land, for case by constructing new residential units on a site that was before used for heavy industry. New tracts linking preexistent taint with a current receptor can be formed, for case when stacking throughout a non-permeable bed linking a bed of contaminated dirts with a deep aquifer. Finally by presenting pollutants on the site, a development undertaking can present possible beginnings of taint. And the 2nd component presently considered is the structured attack of an environmental statement. CURRENTLY IN KUWAIT The MDG 7 purposes for the incorporation of sustainable development rules into state ordinances, policies and programmes that was achieved in Kuwait when the Environment Public Authority ( EPA ) was established in 1995. The EPA is responsible for the direction and protection of environment. The EPA statute law establishing has given it a high profile necessitating the supreme council of the authorization chaired by the First Deputy Prime Minister. Harmonizing to the international categorization, and the geographical place of the state every bit good as the size, the proportion of land country covered by woods which is zero and the land country protected to keep a biological assortment is undistinguished as a per centum of the whole country of the state. Kuwait has experienced a systematic addition in GDP per unit of energy usage. The per centum of population that is utilizing solid fuels has been zero for a long clip on the history of the immensely developed nature of the society every bit good as on the history of the fact that the economic system is oil-based affecting the easiness of usage of non-solid fuels. Hence Kuwait is located in a desert part, with no woods ; there is no major deduction for utilizing solid fuels on the environment. Kuwaitis enjoy a nice criterion of life and accordingly, the per centum of population with sustainable entree to heighten beginnings of H2O has been 100 % for a extended period of clip. Therefore, the MDG 7 mark 10 has already been achieved. Sing the sum of people with entree to procure tenancy, approximately 99.7 % of Kuwaiti families had entree to procure tenancy as of December 2002. Of these, 11.6 % were populating in modern flats and 1.2 % life in traditional houses and extensions, and 86.9 % life in houses. The State of Kuwait, with a entire country of 17,820 kilometers, lies at the caput of the Arabian Gulf. It is bordered in the North and Northwest by Iraq, in the sou'-west and West by Saudi Arabia and it overlooks the Gulf to the E. Kuwait has a desert clime characterized by a long, dry hot summer, with temperatures sometimes even falling below four grades Celsius. The long-run mean one-year rainfall for the whole state historically was about 176 millimeters. The Arabian ( Persian ) Gulf is 1,000 kilometer by 200-300 kilometers broad, and is oriented north-west aa‚ ¬ † sou'-east. Very shallow, the mean deepness is merely approximately 36 m. The Environment of Kuwait suffered the worst oil pollution events in human history. On August 2, 1990 Kuwait was invaded by Iraqi military personnels. The environmental amendss ensuing from the invasion and the subsequent release war have affected all ecosystems, every bit good as human wellness. Seven hundred and eight oil Wellss were sabotaged or set on fire. Approximately two to three million barrels of petroleum oil, burned and unburned, were emitted daily during the release war for 300 yearss. Overall, 70 million barrels of oil contaminated 49 kilometer of the desert as oil lakes. Around 953 kilometer of the desert was oiled from the radioactive dust of greasy atoms. The oil taint of the tellurian ecosystems reached degrees on an unprecedented graduated table in the history of the planet. The impacts on the environment will take decennaries to partly vanish and their full effects may ne'er be realized. The oil taint of the sea has had less serious impacts in the Kuwaiti Marine environment, and the natural recovery has improved the state of affairs over clip. Presently, the coral reefs appear healthy and the measure of runt harvested each twelvemonth is similar to the 1s recorded before the war. These findings do non place the more long-run impacts of the taint on Marine ecosystems and populating species. Twelve old ages after the war. The visual aspect of the environment is much better. The marine resources still have a great potency and are a chief part to the nutrient supply in Kuwait. The oil production statistics demonstrate that oil production in Kuwait after the war has full recovered. Battle with supervisor Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Evidence of meetings see attached signifiers Programme to Completion Capable countries discussed and drumhead of aid given Updated version of your Initial Project Proposal Transcript from the initial entry with alterations clearly indicated

Freedom of Air

* First Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to fly across its territory without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right). * Second Freedom of the Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non-traffic purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right). * Fourth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destined for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). Fifth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all â€Å"freedoms† beyond the Fifth as â€Å"so-called† because only the first five â€Å"freedoms† have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic moving between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the â€Å"Five F reedoms Agreement†. Seventh Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or â€Å"consecutive cabotage†). Ninth Freedom of The Air – the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed entirely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or â€Å"stand alone† cabotage). Source: http://www. icao. int/icao/en/trivia/freedoms_air. htm

Life in Elizabethan England during the Renaissance

Elizabethan England (in the mid 1500’s to early 1600’s) was dubbed the â€Å"Golden Age† because England was thriving, culturally, socially, and economically. England had earned riches from Latin America in gold and tobacco, Queen Elizabeth had resolved all international conflicts, and England was one of the most advanced countries in world exploration.Additionally, the arts were thriving, with â€Å"Shakespeare's masterpieces of the stage, Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queen, and Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesie† being written and performed on stage all in this period. Most everyone was financially stable, and London was the hub for fine arts. Who was Queen Elizabeth and what kind of influence did she have on English culture of the time? Queen Elizabeth I, her reign extending from 1558 to 1603, was one of the most prominent powers of the world and her legacy is still remembered today.â€Å"London became a cultural and commercial center where learning and literature thrived† while she was in power, as she believed the arts should remain intact and was even a fan of theatres being built everywhere in London. At the beginning of her reign, â€Å"there were violent clashes throughout Europe between Protestant and Catholic leaders and their followers†. She was able to resolve these issues and England rose from these conflicts to world supremacy. What was the political climate of Elizabethan England?How was this climate different than the age immediately preceding Elizabethan times? As mentioned before, there was much conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but when Queen Elizabeth came into power, she mades sure that England and all areas within control were made peaceful once more. This allowed for political tensions to ease, and thus the Golden Age began. During this time, â€Å"England was firmly established as a leading military and commercial power in the Western world†.What was the role of women in Elizabethan England, and how did it compare to the role of men? Women married quite young, the youngest average being around 17 and the oldest being around 24. They wore floor-length dresses (often times with corsets or the like), and very rarely worked. If they did, it was mostly domestic duties like sewing and tailoring. Men, on the other hand, enjoyed all areas of life: working, going to the theatre, traveling around London as they pleased, with their wives (their property) waiting for them at home  most often.However, the degree of their leisure depended on what family a man had been born into, whether it be rich or poor. Still, men were still considered above women and the social and political climates reflected as much. What were the major social classes of the time, and about what percentage of the population did these classes comprise? Within royalty, the highest in the rankings were dukes, the second highest were marquises, and then descending from there, there were earls, viscounts and barons.In normal society, however, there were the highest rankings in the social sphere: nobility, knights, esquires and clergy, the medium ranking in the social sphere: landholding commoners (freeholders, leaseholders, and copyholders), and the lower ranking: townsfolk, laborers, servants, and the lowest of lows: the unemployed or â€Å"beggars†. What forms of entertainment were most popular? Theatre was above all the most popular entertainment (even Queen Elizabeth enjoyed it). Other forms of entertainment included tennis, and bowling on the lawn, also known as just â€Å"bowls†. And of course, gossip was one of the preferred pastimes. Life in Elizabethan England during the Renaissance Elizabethan England (in the mid 1500’s to early 1600’s) was dubbed the â€Å"Golden Age† because England was thriving, culturally, socially, and economically. England had earned riches from Latin America in gold and tobacco, Queen Elizabeth had resolved all international conflicts, and England was one of the most advanced countries in world exploration.Additionally, the arts were thriving, with â€Å"Shakespeare's masterpieces of the stage, Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queen, and Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesie† being written and performed on stage all in this period. Most everyone was financially stable, and London was the hub for fine arts. Who was Queen Elizabeth and what kind of influence did she have on English culture of the time? Queen Elizabeth I, her reign extending from 1558 to 1603, was one of the most prominent powers of the world and her legacy is still remembered today.â€Å"London became a cultural and commercial center where learning and literature thrived† while she was in power, as she believed the arts should remain intact and was even a fan of theatres being built everywhere in London. At the beginning of her reign, â€Å"there were violent clashes throughout Europe between Protestant and Catholic leaders and their followers†. She was able to resolve these issues and England rose from these conflicts to world supremacy. What was the political climate of Elizabethan England?How was this climate different than the age immediately preceding Elizabethan times? As mentioned before, there was much conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but when Queen Elizabeth came into power, she mades sure that England and all areas within control were made peaceful once more. This allowed for political tensions to ease, and thus the Golden Age began. During this time, â€Å"England was firmly established as a leading military and commercial power in the Western world†.What was the role of women in Elizabethan England, and how did it compare to the role of men? Women married quite young, the youngest average being around 17 and the oldest being around 24. They wore floor-length dresses (often times with corsets or the like), and very rarely worked. If they did, it was mostly domestic duties like sewing and tailoring. Men, on the other hand, enjoyed all areas of life: working, going to the theatre, traveling around London as they pleased, with their wives (their property) waiting for them at home  most often.However, the degree of their leisure depended on what family a man had been born into, whether it be rich or poor. Still, men were still considered above women and the social and political climates reflected as much. What were the major social classes of the time, and about what percentage of the population did these classes comprise? Within royalty, the highest in the rankings were dukes, the second highest were marquises, and then descending from there, there were earls, viscounts and barons.In normal society, however, there were the highest rankings in the social sphere: nobility, knights, esquires and clergy, the medium ranking in the social sphere: landholding commoners (freeholders, leaseholders, and copyholders), and the lower ranking: townsfolk, laborers, servants, and the lowest of lows: the unemployed or â€Å"beggars†. What forms of entertainment were most popular? Theatre was above all the most popular entertainment (even Queen Elizabeth enjoyed it). Other forms of entertainment included tennis, and bowling on the lawn, also known as just â€Å"bowls†. And of course, gossip was one of the preferred pastimes.